Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on the passage below.
The Asian elephant
The Asian elephant is the largest land animal in Asia, and one of the most easily recognised animals on Earth. Though smaller than its African cousin, a fully grown male may still stand three metres tall at the shoulder and weigh more than five tonnes. Everything about the animal is built on a grand scale, from its pillar-like legs to the remarkable trunk that hangs from its face.
That trunk is perhaps the elephant's most extraordinary feature. Formed from the nose and upper lip grown together, it contains many thousands of muscles and no bone at all, which makes it both immensely strong and astonishingly delicate. With it, an elephant can uproot a small tree or pick up a single leaf, draw water to squirt into its mouth, smell the air, and greet other elephants. The tip of an Asian elephant's trunk has a single finger-like point, unlike the African elephant, which has two.
The elephant's other features are just as well suited to its life. Some males, but not all, carry tusks — long teeth of solid ivory that are used for digging, stripping bark and fighting; females and many males have none. The ears, smaller and rounder than those of the African elephant, are filled with blood vessels and are flapped to cool the animal on hot days. The skin is thick, grey and deeply wrinkled, and those wrinkles are not merely for show: they trap water and mud, which the elephant sprays over itself to keep cool and to protect its skin from the sun and from insects.
Asian elephants are deeply social animals. They live in herds made up of related females and their young, and the group is led by the oldest and most experienced female, known as the matriarch. Her long memory — of where water can be found in a drought, or which paths are safe — can mean the difference between life and death for the whole herd. Young males leave the herd as they grow up, living alone or forming loose bands with other males.
Feeding takes up most of an elephant's day. As plant-eaters, they may consume as much as 150 kilograms of grass, leaves, bark and fruit in twenty-four hours, and they spend up to sixteen hours a day feeding. In doing so they play a vital role in their habitat: by carrying seeds long distances and by clearing paths through dense vegetation, they help to shape the forest around them, and scientists sometimes describe them as ‘ecosystem engineers’. Where elephants disappear, the forest itself slowly changes, as the seeds they once scattered are no longer carried far from the parent tree.
Elephants are also strikingly intelligent. They have large brains and excellent memories, use branches as tools to swat away flies, appear to grieve for dead companions, and are among the very few animals that can recognise themselves in a mirror. Such abilities have made them, for thousands of years, objects of human respect and affection.
For thousands of years, too, people across Asia have captured and trained elephants, harnessing their strength to haul heavy timber, to carry people and goods, and to take part in ceremonies and festivals. In several cultures the elephant is regarded as sacred, and its image appears in temples, paintings and stories throughout the region. This long partnership means that the fate of the elephant and the fate of the people who live alongside it have always been closely bound together.
Yet the Asian elephant is in trouble. As human populations grow, forests are cleared for farms, roads and towns, leaving the animals with ever less space. Hungry elephants often raid crops, and farmers, whose livelihoods can be destroyed in a single night, sometimes kill them in return. Poaching for ivory remains a threat, and because only some males carry tusks, hunters have reduced their numbers still further. Across Asia, the number of wild elephants continues to fall.
The task now is to find ways for people and elephants to share the same crowded land. Governments have set aside protected areas and are linking them with ‘corridors’ of forest so that herds can move safely between them. Farmers are being helped to protect their fields with simple fences, and in some regions lines of beehives are used to keep elephants away, since even the largest elephant is wary of being stung. Whether the Asian elephant survives will depend, in the end, on whether room can be found for it in a continent that is home to more people than any other.